Course Syllabus

The notion of the Fourth World first appeared in the early 1970s in an effort to explain and describe the oppressive condition confronted by Indigenous peoples in Canada. At the time, the term was viewed as part of a strategy for indigenous liberation or decolonization. Hence it was representative of the indigenous struggle not only against colonialism but also for recognition and emancipation. Since that time the indigenous struggle has been aimed at achieving freedom and equality. A fundamental part of that struggle has included “development”. But, what is the purpose of development? What is the indigenous experience of development? In search for answers to these and other similar questions, this course considers theories of development in light of the practical experiences and challenges confronted by indigenous people.

Focused on the peoples of the Fourth world, the objective of this course is to examine and further develop the analytic tools necessary to understand the role of indigenous development in the global economy. Central analytic questions to be addressed include the changing relationship between capitalism and indigenous peoples, between capitalist and non-capitalist modes of production and the role of the state. Drawing on different community, country and group experiences, topics to be considered include: the globalization of indigenous issues; First Nations, trade liberalization and state restructuring; resource development, the UN and indigenous rights; and, forms of resistance. The course also investigates the legal, cultural and environmental implications of development strategies.

Professionalism 20%
Seminar Paper (5-7 Pages) 30%
Essay (15-20 Pages) 50%
TOTAL 100%

Professionalism

Students will be assigned one week in which they are responsible for presenting the readings on the topic. They will synthesize the readings and present their analysis of them to the class. They will lead class discussion and provide an overview of key themes, linking them to practical or contemporary examples and debates. Students will be marked not just on their participation in the class discussion but on their level of overall professionalism (preparedness, performance, punctuality, etc…).

Seminar Paper - DUE: 11 February 2012

Students are required to critically review and evaluate one (or more) of the readings from one of the weeks in the first section (Weeks 2-5). The focus here is primarily on theoretical questions of development. Your task is to highlight and review the strengths/weaknesses of a theoretical argument/analysis/approach and to test its relevance against a contemporary example in Canadian/indigenous politics. Is the argument persuasive? If so, why? If not, why not? And is it still relevant or useful today? Be sure to connect your theoretical analysis to your example (rather than have them stand alone). You do not have to give equal weight to all the readings and can focus on one or two authors.

Essay – DUE: MONDAY 8 April 2012

Students are required to prepare a comparative study/analysis that answers the question: is development colonizing or decolonizing? The essay must examine the experiences of a Canadian indigenous group, community or issue with one from another country studied within the course. The study should provide analysis in light of the themes and topics covered in the course, including issues arising in political, economic and cultural development. Potential topics include gender and development; mining and development; land conflicts and/or ecological dilemmas.

Week 1: 8-Jan Introduction - What is the Fourth World?
Week 2: 15-Jan Imperialism and Indigenous Methodology
Week 3: 22-Jan Theorizing Indigenous Development
Week 4: 29-Jan Colonialism, Capitalism, and Class
Week 5: 5-Feb Nationalism and Neoliberal Globalization
Week 6: 12-Feb Economics of Development I: Non-Renewable Resources
Week 7: 19-Feb Reading Week – no classes
Week 8: 26-Feb Economics of Development II: Alternatives (Tourism)
Week 9: 5-Mar Politics of Development I: Institutional Representation
Week 10: 12-Mar Politics of Development II: Social Movements
Week 11: 19-Mar Cultural Development I: Gender
Week 12: 26-Mar Cultural Development II: Ecological Challenges
Week 13: 2-Apr Development: Colonization or Liberation?

Theoretical Tools and Analytic Concepts
Week 1: 8-Jan INTRODUCTION – What is the Fourth World?

• Manuel, George and Michael Posluns. 1974. “Introduction”, “Chapter 9: The Fourth World”, The Fourth World: An Indian Reality. New York: The Free Press, 1-12,214-266.

Preparatory Background Reading:

• Abele, Frances. 2001. “Small nations and democracy’s prospects”, Inroads 10. PP. 137-149.
• Coates, Ken. 2004. “Chap. 2: Peoples of the Land: Spiritual and Cultural Roots of Indigenous Societies”, A Global History of Indigenous Peoples: Struggle and Survival, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 42-63.
• Fleras, Augie and Jean Leonard Elliot. 1992. “Chap. 3: The Social Context” in The Nations Within: Aboriginal-State Relations in Canada, the United States, and New Zealand, Toronto, Oxford University Press, 12 38.

Week 2: 15-Jan Imperialism and Indigenous Methodology

• Berkes, Fikret. 2008. “Climate Change and Indigenous Ways of Knowing,” Sacred Ecology. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. PP.161-180.
• Fanon, Frantz. 1963. “Chapter 1: Violence”, Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press.
• Freire, Paolo. 1995. “Chapter 1”, Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum. PP. 25-51.
• Kovach, Margaret. 2005. “Emerging from the Margins: Indigenous Methodologies”, Research As Resistance: Critical, Indigenous, and Anti-oppressive Approaches, Leslie Brown and Susan Strega, eds. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press. PP. 19-36.
• Smith, Linda Tuhiwai. 1999. “Introduction”, and “Imperialism, History, Writing and Theory”, Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London & New York: Zed Books Ltd.; Dunedin: University of Otago Press. PP. 1-41.
• Wenzel, George W. 1999. “Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Inuit: Reflections on TEK Research and Ethics”, Arctic 52,2 (June)113-124.

Strongly recommended you review these key documents:

• Canadian Political Science Association. “Research Ethics: Overview of the Issues”.
• SSRHC Tricouncil Chapter 9
• York University Research Documents

Week 3: 22-Jan Theorizing Indigenous Development

• Abele, Frances. 1987. Canadian Contradictions: Forty Years of Northern Political Development”, Arctic 40/4 (December), pp. 310-320; reprinted in K.S. Coates and William R. Morrison, ed., Interpreting Canada’s North: Selected Readings (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1989).
• Adams, Howard. 1989. “Chapter 11: The Under-development of Native Communities”, Prison of Grass: Canada from a Native point of view (Saskatoon: Fifth House Press, 123-131.
• Frideres, J.S. 1993. “The Quest for Indian Development in Canada: Contrasts and Contradictions”, The Political Economy of North American Indians, John H. Moore, ed. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. PP. 161-183.
• Gagne, Anik. 1994. “Chapter 2: Becoming a Periphery: The James Bay Cree from 1600-1920,” A Nation Within A Nation: Dependency and the Cree. Montreal: Black Rose Books. PP. 27-52.
• Slowey, Gabrielle. 2009. “A Fine Balance? Aboriginal Peoples in the Canadian North and the Dilemma of Development.” First Nations, First Thoughts. Vancouver: UBC Press. PP. 229-247.
• Slowey, Gabrielle. 2005. “Globalization and Development in the Fourth World: Indigenous Experiences in Canada and New Zealand compared.” Paper presented to the 4th International Critical Management Studies Conference.
• Watkins, Mel.1977. “From Underdevelopment to Development”, Dene Nation: the Colony Within. University of Toronto Press: Toronto. PP.84-99.

Recommended:

• Conway, Dennis and Nikolas Heynen. 2002. “Classical Dependency Theories: from ECLA to André Gunder Frank” The Companion to Development Studies, Desai, Vandana and Robert B. Potter, eds. London: Arnold. PP.97- 101.
• McNeish, John-Andrew. 2005. “Overview: indigenous peoples’ perspectives on poverty and development”, Indigenous Peoples and Poverty: An International Perspective, Robyn Eversole, John-Andrew
• McNeish and Alberto D Cimadamore, eds. Norway: Comparative Research Program on International Studies (CROP) and New York: Zed Books, 229-238.
• Potter, Robert B. 2002. “Theories, Strategies and Ideologies of Development”, The Companion to Development Studies, Desai, Vandana and Robert B. Potter, eds. London: Arnold. PP. 61-65.
• Tanner, Adrian. 1983. “Introduction: Canadian Indians and the Politics of Dependency,” The Poltiics of Indianness: Case Studies of native Ethnopolitics in Canada. St. John’s, Nfld: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University. PP. 1-35.

Week 4: 29-Jan Colonialism, Capitalism and Class

• Adams, Howard. 1995. “Chapter One: Colonization in our Own Back Yard”, A Tortured People: The Politics of Colonization. Penticton, BC: Theytus Publishing. PP. 7-13.
• Alfred, Taiaiake and Jeff Corntassel. 2005. “Being Indigenous: Resurgences against Contemporary Colonialism”, Politics of Identity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. PP. 597-614.
• Bedford, D. and D. Irving. 2001. “Chapter 3: Aboriginal Apprehensions of Marxism”, The Tragedy of Progress: Marxism, Modernity and the Aboriginal Question. Halifax: Fernwood Press. PP. 57-75.
• Borrows, John. 2002. “Questioning Canada’s Title to Land: The Rule of Law, Aboriginal Peoples, and Colonialism”, Recovering Canada: The Resurgence of Indigenous Law. Toronto: UofT Press, 111-137
• Bourgeault, Ron. 1983. “The Indian, the Metis and the Fur Trade: Class, Sexism and Racism in the Transition from “Communism” to Capitalism”, Studies in Political Economy 12 (Fall):45-80.
• Cesaire, Aime. 1972. “Discourses on Colonialism.” Monthly Review. New York and London.
• Kellough, Gail. 1980. “From Colonialism to Economic Imperialism: The Experience of the Canadian Indian”, Structured Inequality in Canada, J. Harp and J. Hofley, eds. Toronto: Prentice-Hall. PP. 343-377.

Week 5: 5-Feb Nationalism and Neoliberal Globalization

Canada

• Anderson, Robert B. et al. 2006. “Indigenous Land Rights, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development in Canada: ‘Opting-in’ to the Global Economy”, Journal of World Business 41. PP. 45-55.
• Angus, Murray. 1991. “Part 2: “…And the Last Shall Be First” Native Policy in an Era of Cutbacks,” …”And the Last Shall Be First: Native Policy in an Era of Cutbacks. Toronto: NC Press Limited. PP. 24-68.
• Green, Joyce. 1999. “Globalization and Development at the Bottom”, Feminists Doing Development, Marilyn Porter and Ellen Judd eds. New York: Zed Books. PP. 142-157.
• Slowey, Gabrielle A. 2001. “Globalization and Self-Government: Impacts and Implications for First Nations in Canada”, The American Review of Canadian Studies (Spring/Summer),265-281.
  or
• Slowey, Gabrielle A. 2008. “The State, the Marketplace, and First Nations: Theorizing First Nation Self-Determination in an Era of Globalization,” Power Struggles: Hydro Development and First Nations in Manitoba and Quebec, Thibault Martin and Steven Hoffman, eds. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. PP. 39-54.

United States

• Cornell, Stephen and Joseph P. Kalt. 1998. “Sovereignty and Nation-Building: The Development Challenge in Indian Country Today” American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 22:3, PP. 187-214.

Central/South America

• Altamirano, Isabel. 2004. North American First Peoples: "Slipping up into Market Citizenship?" Citizenship Studies, 8(4), 349-365.

Recommended:

• Batley, Richard. 2002. “The Changing Role of the State in Development”, The Companion to Development Studies, Desai, Vandana and Robert B. Potter, eds. London: Arnold. PP.135-139.
• Cornell, Stephen. “Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Self-Determination in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States” in Indigenous Peoples and Poverty: An International Perspective. PP. 199-225.
• Frideres, J.S. 1993. “The Quest for Indian Development in Canada: Contrasts and Contradictions”, The Political Economy of North American Indians, John H. Moore, ed. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. PP. 161-183.
• Stavenhagen, Rodolfo. 2002. “Indigenous Peoples and the State in Latin America: An Ongoing Debate” Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous Rights, Diversity and Democracy. Rachel Seider, ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. PP. 24-44.

Recommended:

• Abele, Frances. 2007. Beyond the Blue Horizon: The Strength of Conservative Northern- Development Policy in the Mulroney Years, Transforming the Nation: Canada and Brian Mulroney. Raymond Blake, ed. McGill-Queen’s University Press. PP. 339-356.
• Batley, Richard. 2002. “The Changing Role of the State in Development”, The Companion to Development Studies, Desai, Vandana and Robert B. Potter, eds. London: Arnold. PP.135-139.
• Cornell, Stephen. “Indigenous Peoples, Poverty and Self-Determination in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States” in Indigenous Peoples and Poverty: An International Perspective. PP. 199-225.
• Stavenhagen, Rodolfo. 2002. “Indigenous Peoples and the State in Latin America: An Ongoing Debate” Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous Rights, Diversity and Democracy. Rachel Seider, ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. PP. 24-44.

Development Topics in Comparative Context

Week 6: 12-Feb Economics of Development I: Non-Renewable Res.
Canada

• Abele, Frances. 2005. “The Smartest Steward? Indigenous People and Petroleum-Based Economic Development in Canada’s North”, Canadian Energy Policy and the Struggle for Sustainable Development, Bruce Doern, eds. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 223-242.
• Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation. 2007. Freedom to Choose: Natural Resource Revenues and the Future of Northern Communities (PDF). Report of the 2007 Northern Policy Forum. Fort Good Hope, NWT. June 4-6.
• Wilson, Patrick Impero. “Native Peoples and the Management of Natural Resources in the Pacific Northwest: A Comparative Assessment”, The American Review of Canadian Studies (Autumn 2002): 397-414.

Central/South America

• De Echave, Jose. 2006. “Mining and Communities in Peru: Constructing a Framework for Decision-Making”, Community Rights and Corporate Responsibility, Liisa North, Timothy David Clark and Viviana Patroni, eds. Toronto: Between the Lines, 17-36.
• De Echave, Jose. 2006. “Governance and Extractive Industries in Ecuador, Peru and Guatemala: the Mining Case.” www.focal.ca/pdf/Gov%20ExtractIndustrEcuPeruGuat.pdf

New Zealand/Australia

• O’Fairchellaigh, Ciaran. 2006. “Aborigines, Mining Companies and the State in Contemporary Australia: A New Political Economy or ‘Business as Usual’?” Australian Journal of Political Science 41(1), 1-22.

Recommended:

• Missens, Richard et al. 2009. “Aboriginal Partnership in Canada: The Diavid Diamond Mine Example,” Natural Resources and Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: Readings. Cases and Commentary. 2nd ed. Robert Anderson and Robert Bone, eds. Concord, ON: Captus Press. PP. 556-583.
• O’Fairchellaigh, Ciaran. 1996. “Negotiating with resource companies: issues and constraints for Aboriginal communities in Australia”, Resources, Nations and Indigenous Peoples, Howitt, R, et al. eds. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 185-202.

Week 7: 19 Feb Reading Week (no classes)

Week 8: 26–Feb Economics of Development II: Alternatives (Tourism)

General/Comparative

• Notzke, Claudia. 2006. “Chapter 1: Indigenous Perspectives on Tourism”, “The Stranger, the Native and the Land”: Perspectives on Indigenous Tourism, Toronto: Captus Press, 1-34.
• Notzke, Claudia. “Indigenous Participation in Ecotourism” in The Stranger, the Native and the Land: Perspectives on Indigenous Tourism. PP. 201-229.
• Laxson, Joan D. 1991. “HOW ‘WE’ SEE ‘THEM’: Tourism and Native Americans.” Annals of Tourism Research. 18, 365-391.
• Robinson, Mike. 1999. “Collaboration and Cultural Consent: Refocusing Sustainable Tourism.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 7(3&4), 379-397.

Central/South America

• Cohen, Jeffrey H. 2001. “Textile, Tourism and Community Development.” Annals of Tourism Research 28(2), 378-398.

Northern Europe

• Müller, Dieter K. and Robert Pettersson. 2001. “Access to Sami Tourism in Northern Sweden.” Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 1(1), 5-18.

Week 9: 2-Mar Politics of Development I: Institutional Representation

Canada

• Schouls, Tim. 1996. “Aboriginal peoples and electoral reform in Canada: differentiated representation versus voter equality,” Canadian Journal of Political Science 29, 729-749.
• White, Graham. 2002. “Treaty Federalism in Northern Canada: Aboriginal-Government Land Claims Boards”, Publius: The Journal of Federalism 32(3):89-133.
• Williamson, Laakkuluk Jessen. 2006. “Inuit gender parity and why it was not accepted in the Nunavut legislature”, Etudes Inuit Studies 30(1), 51-68.

New Zealand/Australia

• Ward, Alan and Janine Hayward. 1999. “Tino Rangatiratanga: Maori in the Political and Administrative System.” Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Australia, Canada & New Zealand. Ed. P. Havemann. Auckland: Oxford UP, 378-399.

Central/South America

• Madrid, Raul L. 2005. “Indigenous Parties and Democracy in Latin America.” Latin American Politics & Society 47(4),161-179.

Northern Europe

• Svensson, Tom G. 2002. “Indigenous Rights and Customary Law Discourse: Comparing the Nisga’a and the Sámi.” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 47(2),1-35.

Week 10: 12-Mar Politics of Development II: Social Movements

General

• Coates, Ken. 2004. “Continuing the Struggle: Indigenous Protest, Legal Agendas and Aboriginal Internationalism”, A Global History of Indigenous Peoples: Struggle and Survival, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 230-263.

Canada

• Barron, Jennifer. 2000. “In the Name of Solidarity: The Politics of Representation and Articulation in Support of the Labrador Innu”, Capitalism, Nature, Socialism : 11(3), 87-112.
• Ladner, Kiera. 2008. “Aysaka’paykinit: Contesting the Rope Around the Nations’ Neck”, Group Politics and Social Movements in Canada, Miriam Smith ed. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 227-250.

United States

• Geddicks, Al. 1993. “Resource Colonialism and International Native Resistance”, The New Resource Wars: Native and Environmental Struggles Against Multinational Corporations. Boston: South End Press, 13-38.

Central/South America

• Otero, Gerardo and Heidi A. Jugenitz. 2003. “Challenging National Borders from Within: The Political-Class Formation of Indigenous Peasants in Latin America.” The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 40(5), 503-524.
• Stavenhagen, Rodolfo. “Indigenous Movements and Politics in Mexico and Latin America” in Aboriginal Rights and Self-Government: The Canadian and Mexican Experience in North American Perspective, Cook, Curtis and Juan D. Lindau, eds. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press. PP. 72-97.

Recommended:

• Eversole, Robyn et al. “Indigenous Anti-Poverty Strategies in an Australian Town” in Indigenous Peoples and Poverty: An International Perspective. PP. 260-273.
• Carolina Borda Nino, A. and Dario J. Mejia Montalvo. “Political Participation and Poverty in Columbian Indigenous Communities: The Case of the Zenu and Mokana Peoples” in Indigenous Poeples and Poverty: An International Perspective. PP. 185-198.
• Yashar, Deborah J. 1998. “Contesting Citizenship: Indigenous Movements and Democracy in Latin America”, Comparative Politics 31(1), 23-42.

Week 11: 19–Mar Cultural Development I: Gender

Canada

• Fiske, Jo-Anne. 1995. “Political Status of Native Indian Women: Contradictory Implications of Canadian State Policy”, American Indian Culture and Research Journal 19(2),1-30.
• Green, Joyce, ed. 2007. Ch.1: “Taking Account of Aboriginal Feminism” and Ch.2: “Feminism is for Everybody”, Making Space for Indigenous Feminism. New York: Zed Books. PP. 20-32 and 33-52.

New Zealand/Australia

• Larner, Wendy. 2002. “Neoliberalism and Tino Ranatiratanga: Welfare State Restructuring in Aotearoa/New Zealand”, Western Welfare in Decline: Globalization and Women’s Poverty, Wendy Kingfisher, ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. PP. 147-163.

Central/South America

• Olivera, Mercedes. 2005. “Subordination and Rebellion: Indigenous Peasant Women in Chiapas Ten Years after the Zapatista Uprising”, The Journal of Peasant Studies 32(3&4), 608-628.
• Stephen, Lynn. 2001. “Gender, citizenship and the politics of identity”, Latin American Perspectives 28(5), 54-69.

Recommended:

• Anderson, Kim and Bonita Lawrence. 2003. Strong Women Stories: Native Vision and Community Survival. Toronto: Sumach Press.
• Green, Joyce. 2001. “Canaries in the Mines of Citizenship: Indian Women in Canada”, Canadian Journal of Political Science 34(4),715-738.
• Hunter, Anna. 2005. “For and By Men: Colony, Gender and Aboriginal Self-Government”, Gendered Intersections: A Collection of Readings in Women's and Gender Studies. Pamela Downe and Lesley Biggs eds.
• Halifax: Fernwood Publishing. PP. 107-111.
• Rude, Darlene and Connie Deiter. 2004. “From the Fur Trade to Free Trade: Forestry and First Nations Women in Canada.” Ottawa: Status of Women Canada.

Week 12: 26–Mar Cultural Development II: Ecological Issues

Canada

• Borrows, John. 2002. “Living Between Water and Rocks: The Environment, First Nations and Democracy”, Recovering Canada: The Resurgence of Indigenous Law. Toronto: UofT Press, 29-55.
• McGregor, Deborah. 2004. “Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Sustainable Development: Towards Coexistence. (DOC)"
• White, Graham. 2006. “Cultures in Collision: Traditional Knowledge and Euro-Canadian Governance Processes in Northern Land-Claim Boards”, Arctic 59(4): 401-414.

Central/South America

• Alarcon-Chaires, Pablo. 2005. “Ecological wealth versus social poverty: contradictions of and perspectives on indigenous development in Central America and Mexico”, Indigenous Peoples and Poverty: An International Perspective, Robyn Eversole, John-Andrew McNeish and Alberto D Cimadamore, eds. Norway: Comparative Research Program on International Studies (CROP) and New York: Zed Books, 239-259.

New Zealand/Australia

• Ross, Anne and Kathleen Pickering. 2002. “The Politics of Reintegrating Australian Aboriginal and American Indian Indigenous Knowledge into Resource Management: The Dynamics of Resource Appropriation and Cultural Revival.” Human Ecology 30(2), 187-214.

Recommended:

• Berkes, Fikret, Johan Colding and Carl Folke. 2000. “Rediscovery of Traditional Ecological Knowledge as Adaptive Management”, Ecological Applications 10(5), 1251-1262.
• Hocking, Barbara Ann. “Placing Indigenous Rights to Self-Determination in an Ecological Context”, Ratio Juris Vol. 15 No. 2, June 2002 pp.159-185
• O’Faircheallaigh, Ciaran. 2002. “Overcoming severe obstacles to public participation: indigenous people and impact assessment procedures in Australia”, Public Participation and Innovation in Community Governance, McLaverty, P, ed. Aldershot: Ashgate Press, 13-34.
• O’Faircheallaigh, Ciaran and Tony Corbett. 2005. “Indigenous Participation in Environmental Management of Mining Projects: The Role of Negotiated Agreements”, Environmental Politics 14(5), 629-647.
• Turner, Nancy J. et al. “Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Wisdom of Aboriginal Peoples in British Columbia”, Ecological Applications Vol.10 No.5, (Oct., 2000) pp.1275-1287.
• Zapalska, Alina M. et al. “Environmental Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Activities: Indigenous Maori Entrepreneurs of New Zealand”, Asia Pacific Business Review, Vol. 10 No. 2, Winter 2003 pp.160-177.

Week 13 2-Apr Development: Colonization or Decolonization?

• Adams, Howard. 1989. “Chapter 15: Decolonization and Nationalism”, Prison of Grass: Canada from a Native point of view (Saskatoon: Fifth House Press, 163-171.
• Adams, Howard. 1989. “Chapter 16: The Struggle for Liberation” , Prison of Grass: Canada from a Native point of view (Saskatoon: Fifth House Press, 172-187.
• Alfred, Taiaiake. 2005. “First Words,” Wasase: indigenous pathways of action and freedom. Peterborough: Broadview Press. PP. 19-38.
• Fanon, Frantz. 1963. “Chapter 1: Violence”, Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press.
• Fernandez, Eduard Grillo. 1998. “Development or Decolonization in the Andes?” The Spirit of Regeneration: Andean Culture Confronting Western Notions of Development, F. Apffel-Nlarglin, ed. London and New York: Zed Books, 193-240.
• Hill, Jamie. 2001. “Toward Self-Determined Economics: Assertion of Sovereignty Ignites Practical Solutions.” Native Americas (Fall/Winter). PP. 42-47.
• Kuokkanen, Rauna. 2006. “Sami Women, Autonomy, and Decolonization in the Age of Globalization.” Keynote Speech at Rethinking Nordic Colonialism. A Postcolonial Exhibition Project in Five Acts. Act 4: Beyond Subject and State? Indigenous Interests in the Age of Globalization. Arctic Center, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, June 17.
• Wuttunee, Wanda. 2004. “Measuring Our Success Our Own Way,” Living Rhythms: Lessons in Aboriginal Economic Resilience and Vision. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press. PP. 18-28.

Recommended:

• Ladner, Kiera. 2008. “Gendering Decolonization and Decolonizing Gender.(PDF)” Paper presented at the 80th Annual Canadian Political Science Association.
• Talisman, Valerie. 2001. “From Dependency to Development: Alternatives for Indian Country.” Native Americas (Fall/Winter). PP. 32-39.